. Two nodes: alice (IP: 192.168.1.1) and bob (IP: 192.168.1.2), connected to each other via network. Technical editing fifth edition rude dog. A floating, virtual IP address ( 192.168.2.1) which allows clients to connect to the service no matter which physical node it is running on. A shared storage device, used as SBD fencing mechanism. This avoids split brain scenarios. Failover of resources from one node to the other if the active host breaks down ( active/passive setup). After setup of the cluster with the bootstrap scripts, we will monitor the cluster with the graphical HA Web Konsole (Hawk), one of the cluster management tools included with SUSE® Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension.
As a basic test of whether failover of resources works, we will put one of the nodes into standby mode and check if the virtual IP address is migrated to the second node. You can use the two-node cluster for testing purposes or as a minimal cluster configuration that you can extend later on. Before using the cluster in a production environment, modify it according to your requirements. Hardware Requirements Servers Two servers with software as specified in. The servers can be bare metal or virtual machines. They do not require identical hardware (memory, disk space, etc.), but they must have the same architecture. Cross-platform clusters are not supported.
Communication Channels At least two TCP/IP communication media per cluster node. The network equipment must support the communication means you want to use for cluster communication: multicast or unicast. The communication media should support a data rate of 100 Mbit/s or higher. For a supported cluster setup two or more redundant communication paths are required. This can be done via.
Network Device Bonding (to be preferred). A second communication channel in Corosync. Node Fencing/STONITH To avoid a “ split brain” scenario, clusters need a node fencing mechanism. In a split brain scenario, cluster nodes are divided into two or more groups that do not know about each other (due to a hardware or software failure or due to a cut network connection).
A fencing mechanism isolates the node in question (usually by resetting or powering off the node). This is also called STONITH ( “ Shoot the other node in the head”). A node fencing mechanism can be either a physical device (a power switch) or a mechanism like SBD (STONITH by disk) in combination with a watchdog. Using SBD requires shared storage. On all nodes that will be part of the cluster the following software must be installed. Use static IP addresses. List all cluster nodes in the /etc/hosts file with their fully qualified host name and short host name.
It is essential that members of the cluster can find each other by name. If the names are not available, internal cluster communication will fail. SSH All cluster nodes must be able to access each other via SSH. Tools like crm report (for troubleshooting) and Hawk2's History Explorer require passwordless SSH access between the nodes, otherwise they can only collect data from the current node. If you use the bootstrap scripts for setting up the cluster, the SSH keys will automatically be created and copied.
With ha-cluster-init, define the basic parameters needed for cluster communication. This leaves you with a running one-node cluster. With ha-cluster-join, add more nodes to your cluster. With ha-cluster-remove, remove nodes from your cluster. All bootstrap scripts log to /var/log/ha-cluster-bootstrap.log. Check this file for any details of the bootstrap process. Any options set during the bootstrap process can be modified later with the YaST cluster module.
See for details. Each script comes with a man page covering the range of functions, the script's options, and an overview of the files the script can create and modify. The bootstrap script ha-cluster-init checks and configures the following components. NTP If NTP has not been configured to start at boot time, a message appears. SSH It creates SSH keys for passwordless login between cluster nodes. Csync2 It configures Csync2 to replicate configuration files across all nodes in a cluster. Corosync It configures the cluster communication system.
SBD/Watchdog It checks if a watchdog exists and asks you whether to configure SBD as node fencing mechanism. Virtual Floating IP It asks you whether to configure a virtual IP address for cluster administration with Hawk2. Firewall It opens the ports in the firewall that are needed for cluster communication. Cluster Name It defines a name for the cluster, by default cluster NUMBER. This is optional and mostly useful for Geo clusters. Usually, the cluster name reflects the location and makes it easier to distinguish a site inside a Geo cluster.
Important: Softdog Limitations The softdog driver assumes that at least one CPU is still running. If all CPUs are stuck, the code in the softdog driver that should reboot the system will never be executed. In contrast, hardware watchdogs keep working even if all CPUs are stuck. Before using the cluster in a production environment, it is highly recommended to replace the softdog module with the respective hardware module that best fits your hardware. However, if no watchdog matches your hardware, softdog can be used as kernel watchdog module. Root # ha-cluster-init -name CLUSTERNAME Replace the CLUSTERNAME placeholder with a meaningful name, like the geographical location of your cluster (for example, amsterdam). This is especially helpful if you want to create a Geo cluster later on, as it simplifies the identification of a site.
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If you need unicast instead of multicast (the default) for your cluster communication, use the option -u. After installation, find the value udpu in the file /etc/corosync/corosync.conf. If ha-cluster-init detects a node running on Amazon Web Services (AWS), the script will use unicast automatically as default for cluster communication. The scripts checks for NTP configuration and a hardware watchdog service. It generates the public and private SSH keys used for SSH access and Csync2 synchronization and starts the respective services.
Configure the cluster communication layer (Corosync):. Enter a network address to bind to. By default, the script will propose the network address of eth0. Alternatively, enter a different network address, for example the address of bond0. Enter a multicast address. The script proposes a random address that you can use as default. Of course, your particular network needs to support this multicast address.
Enter a multicast port. The script proposes 5405 as default. Finally, the script will start the Pacemaker service to bring the one-node cluster online and enable Hawk2. The URL to use for Hawk2 is displayed on the screen. Set up SBD as node fencing mechanism:. Confirm with y that you want to use SBD.
Enter a persistent path to the partition of your block device that you want to use for SBD, see. The path must be consistent across all nodes in the cluster. Configure a virtual IP address for cluster administration with Hawk2.
(We will use this virtual IP resource for testing successful failover later on). Confirm with y that you want to configure a virtual IP address.
Enter an unused IP address that you want to use as administration IP for Hawk2: 192.168.2.1 Instead of logging in to an individual cluster node with Hawk2, you can connect to the virtual IP address. You now have a running one-node cluster.
To view its status, proceed as follows. Note: Certificate Warning If a certificate warning appears when you try to access the URL for the first time, a self-signed certificate is in use. Self-signed certificates are not considered trustworthy by default. Ask your cluster operator for the certificate details to verify the certificate. To proceed anyway, you can add an exception in the browser to bypass the warning. On the Hawk2 login screen, enter the Username and Password of the user that has been created during the bootstrap procedure (user hacluster, password linux).
Root # ha-cluster-join If NTP has not been configured to start at boot time, a message appears. The script also checks for a hardware watchdog device (which is important in case you want to configure SBD) and warns you if none is present. If you decide to continue anyway, you will be prompted for the IP address of an existing node. Enter the IP address of the first node ( alice, 192.168.1.1). If you have not already configured a passwordless SSH access between both machines, you will also be prompted for the root password of the existing node.
After logging in to the specified node, the script will copy the Corosync configuration, configure SSH and Csync2, and will bring the current machine online as new cluster node. Apart from that, it will start the service needed for Hawk2.
Check the cluster status in Hawk2. Under Status › Nodes you should see two nodes with a green status (see ). 8 Testing the Cluster is a simple test to check if the cluster moves the virtual IP address to the other node in case the node that currently runs the resource is set to standby. However, a realistic test involves specific use cases and scenarios, including testing of your fencing mechanism to avoid a split brain situation. If you have not set up your fencing mechanism correctly, the cluster will not work properly.
Before using the cluster in a production environment, test it thoroughly according to your use cases. 10 Legal Notice Copyright© 2006– 2017 SUSE LLC and contributors. All rights reserved.
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The bootstrapping process is a bit confusing, I hope I understand it correctly. I will try to describe my understandings and hopefully can be corrected. As this is an extremely important and I want to dive into the small details. BIOS: It sets up an interrupt descriptor table and initializes various devices. After initializing all the important devices the BIOS knows about, it searches for a bootable device such as a floppy, hard drive, or CD-ROM. Hard disks are divided into 512 bytes regions called sectors and the first sector is known as boot-sector. Once the BIOS finds a bootable floppy or hard disk, it loads the 512-byte boot sector into memory, then passes control to the boot loader.
Boot-loader: 1. The boot loader switches the processor from real mode to 32-bit protected mode, because it is only in this mode that software can access all the memory above 1MB in the processor's physical address space. The boot loader reads the kernel from the hard disk Kernel: The kernel begins with some assembly language code that sets things up so that C language code can execute properly. And enables paging. Memory layout - boat Sector 0 loader - Sector 1.
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My questions:. How does the boot-loader know where is the kernel found?
From what I remember, an ELF header contains the number of sectors the boatloader should load. But how does it find this ELF header?
What structures does it use to find these details?. The Bios is located on an EEPROM chip, yet some books like to show that BIOS is on the first sector in hard disk and bootloader is on second. This confuses me a bit. Is the Kernel always brought into the same address in main-memory? If so who/what determines this address?.
Is the boot-loader always brought to 0x0000 - 0x7c00 block of memory? Any additional information about the flow will be welcomed. And I am sure I missed some responsibilities of these 3. How does the boot-loader know where is the kernel found? Actually, the 512 bytes boot-loader does not load the OS kernel itself but the second boot-loader stage. This second stage is what is usually known as the boot-loader. It may be the Windows bootmgt or grub or lilo or a bunch of others.
Install Bootstrap Windows
This boot-loader is usually located in a fixed place in the disk, sometimes the second sector, sometimes the second cylincer. Then, the details vary, but usually that bigger boot-loader loads a configuration file that tells them where the real kernel is.
Sometimes it even includes code to read a full filesystem. The Bios is located on an EEPROM chip, yet some books like to show that BIOS is on the first sector. Maybe they are mixing the first stage boot-sector in the first sector with the second stage boot-loader in the next few sectors? Is the Kernel always brought into the same address in main-memory? Is the boot-loader always brought to 0x0000 - 0x7c00 block of memory? In a standard 32-bit PC, the boot sector is always loaded at address 0000:7C00, still in real-mode. That is a standard PC convention, from the IBM-PC days.
Then, it will load the second stage in whatever memory it will decide and pass on. That's why every time you install a boot-loader you have to rewrite the boot-sector too.
Some boot-loaders will switch to protected mode and load the OS directly, while others will work in real-mode and the OS kernel will switch to protected mode and move itself to upper memory.
Introduction The procedure for installing Ansible 2.4 is described in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.4. 1.Switch to the root user. ec2-user@ip-172-31-30-35 $ sudo su - 2.Go to the temp directory. root@ip-172-31-30-35 # cd /tmp 3.Install wget. root@ip-172-31-30-35 # yum -y install wget.
Installed: wget.x8664 0:1.14-15.el7 Complete! 4.Get the pip source code. root@ip-172-31-30-35 # wget 2017-10-10 05:11:56 (19.0 MB/s) - ‘get-pip.py’ saved 15408 5.Install pip. root@ip-172-31-30-35 # python get-pip.py.
Successfully installed pip-9.0.1 wheel-0.30.0 6.Delete pip source code. root@ip-172-31-30-35 # rm -rf get-pip.py 7.Install ansible. root@ip-172-31-30-35 # pip install ansible2.4.0. Successfully installed ansible-2.4.0.0 asn1crypto-0.23.0 bcrypt-3.1.3 cffi-1.11.2 cryptography-2.0.3 enum34-1.1.6 idna-2.6 ipaddress-1.0.18 paramiko-2.3.1 pyasn1-0.3.7 pycparser-2.18 pynacl-1.1.2 8.Check the version of ansible. root@ip-172-31-30-35 # ansible -version ansible 2.4.0.0 config file = None configured module search path = u'/root/.ansible/plugins/modules', u'/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules' ansible python module location = /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ansible executable location = /bin/ansible python version = 2.7.5 (default, May 3 2017, 07:55:04) GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-14) 9.Confirm the operation of ansible. root@ip-172-31-30-35 # ansible localhost -m setup. Localhost SUCCESS = 'ansiblefacts': 'ansibleallipv4addresses': '172.31.30.35'.
Summary You can install any version simply by changing the version portion of pip install ansible. I would be pleased if you are useful for those involved in Ansible.
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